Monday 13 June 2011

Central Nervous System

Drugs Acting Upon the Central Nervous System

Introduction

The central nervous system directs the functions of all tissues of the body. The peripheral nervous system receives thousands of sensory inputs and transmits them to the brain via the spinal cord. The brain processes this incoming information and discards 99% as unimportant. After sensory information has been evaluated, selected areas of the central nervous system initiate nerve impulses to organs or tissue to make an appropriate response.

Chemical influences are capable of producing a myriad of effects on the activity and function of the central nervous system. Since our knowledge of different regions of brain function and the neurotransmitters in the brain is limited, the explanations for the mechanisms of drug action may be vague. The known neurotransmitters are: acetylcholine which is involved with memory and learning; norepinephrine which is involved with mania-depression and emotions; and serotonin which is involved with biological rhythms, sleep, emotion, and pain.
Central Nervous System Stimulants

Stimulants are drugs that exert their action through excitation of the central nervous system. Psychic stimulants include caffeine, cocaine, and various amphetamines. These drugs are used to enhance mental alertness and reduce drowsiness and fatigue. However, increasing the dosage of caffeine above 200 mg (about 2 cups of coffee) does not increase mental performance but may increase nervousness, irritability, tremors, and headache. Heavy coffee drinkers become psychically dependent upon caffeine. If caffeine is withheld, a person may experience mild withdrawal symptoms characterized by irritability, nervousness, and headache.


Caffeine and the chemically related xanthines, theophylline and theobromine, decrease in the order given in their stimulatory action. They may be included in some over-the-counter drugs. The action of caffeine is to block adenosine receptors as an antagonist. As caffeine has a similar structure to the adenosine group. This means that caffeine will fit adenosine receptors as well as adenosine itself. It inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic sites but works in concert with norepinephrine or angiotensin to augment their actions. Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine would appear to promote neurotransmitter release, thus explaining the stimulatory effects of caffeine.

Amphetamines

The stimulation caused by amphetamines is caused by excessive release of norepinephrine from storage sites in the peripheral nervous system. It is not known whether the same action occurs in the central nervous system. Two other theories for their action are that they are degraded slower than norepinephrine or that they could act on serotonin receptor sites. Therapeutic doses of amphetamine elevate mood, reduce feelings of fatigue and hunger, facilitate powers of concentration, and increase the desire and capacity to carry out work. They induce exhilarating feelings of power, strength, energy, self-assertion, focus and enhanced motivation. The need to sleep or eat is diminished.



Levoamphetamine (Benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), and methamphetamine (Methedrine) are collectively referred to as amphetamines. Benzedrine is a mixture of both the dextro and levoamphetamine isomers. The dextro isomer is several times more potent than the levo isomer.

The misuse and abuse of amphetamines is a significant problem which may include the house wife taking diet pills, athletes desiring an improved performance, the truck driver driving non-stop coast to-coast, or a student cramming all night for an exam.

40 comments:

Alijan said...

Hmmm… It is very informative and interesting…keep it up the great work .thanking for sharing. If you looking free online notes then visit freeonlinenotes.com

Clinnovo said...

very nice,thankq for sharing.
Online Pharmacovigilance course

فني كمبيوتر said...

Utility kilt is comfortable and easy to wear.you can read this post. it is a good informative post on yours.

فني كمبيوتر said...

if anybody an interested to buy a kilt. so you can read my post.it is a good informative post for yours. You can get a premium quality custom fit Tactical kilt form Kilt Master. you can like this.

فني كمبيوتر said...

if anybody an interested to buy a kilt. so you can read my post.it is a good informative post for yours. You can get a premium quality custom fit Tactical kilt form Kilt Master. you can like this.

فني كمبيوتر said...

تصليح ثلاجات
تصليح ثلاجات الكويت
صيانة ثلاجات
فني ثلاجات
تصليح ثلاجات حولي
تصليح ثلاجات توشيبا

Anonymous said...

trendinh updates!!
www.office.com/setup
mcAfee.com/activate

Anonymous said...

Shadow Creation is the process to change the color of an image or video..Shadow Creation It means correcting the lighting, white color balance, red or blue color balance, so that the image looks more clear or natural

watsonpitter26 said...

Thank you for sharing this useful information, I will regularly follow your blog kindlyshare more blog daily basic..
office.com/setup
www.office.com/setup
office.com/myaccount

leathercollection.fr said...

i like your blog
Combinaison Cuir Moto

Leather Collection Au said...

I read this blog and i love it.

Womens Leather Motorcycle Jackets

martin velly said...

This is realy a Nice blog post read on of my blogs Hulu account login



massageuu said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Deep Bhardwaj said...

Nice blog..! I really loved reading through this article... Thanks for sharing such an amazing post with us and keep blogging.
seo freelancer in delhi

henry wilson said...

Hulu Sign In is great access for online entertainment . You can enjoy hulu web series and shows with family and colleagues . Try hulu activated version for more kind of enjoy full content.


Garmin.com/express
Hulu Sign In

Webroot Sign In
Norton Sign In
Install the Netgear App
Netgear Wi-Fi Extender

Deepak said...

I am really happy to say it's an interesting post to read. I learn new information from your blog.
Check this out here
See here
Click Here
Browse this site

Digital Maeketing said...

got a a good knowledge after read it
Sattamatka

Anonymous said...

Here you can activate your office product, download latest version of Microsoft Office just visit office.com/setup.

dee-mac said...

Avast is the best way to keep your system and data safe and secure from viruses. It is very light so it does not reduce the speed of your system. Avast also provides a password vault. To get avast antivirus, go to avast.com/activate.
Avast Insert Activation code

dee-mac said...

The blog is the best that is extremely useful to us. I can share the ideas of the future as this is really what I was looking for, I am very comfortable and pleased to come here. Thank you very much.
Avast Insert Activation Code

Anonymous said...

If you are working with printer then one must know how to setup your wireless printer, to know more about how to Set up HP Wireless Printer feel free to visit us at our web portal.

sarmad said...

cheese products available at very low prices. you can get all type of cheese.

Anonymous said...

Cash App card works like a debit card and allows its users to do the transaction from their phone, without carrying a card you just need to activate it. If you want to activate a cash card for yourself. Then give us a visit on How to Activate Cash Card to get more details.

Cash App is one of the most promising payment gateway based in the United States. It is developed in 2018 by Square Inc. As of now Cash App login more than 30+ million users monthly. if you have any interest in Cash App or want to know more in-depth about Cash App Sign in, feel free to visit us at our website at Cash App Login.

Anonymous said...

While using a cash app sometimes we come across some errors like pending payments on the Cash App. If you are troubling with the same visit us at how to accept pending payments on Cash App.

Aalex Morgan said...

"Thankyou for sharing the wonderful post and all the best for your future. I hope to see more post from you. I am satisfied with the arrangement of your post.
You are really a talented person I have ever seen
aol email login| aol email login|
netgearrouterlogin|facebooksignin|
gmail not working|comcastemaillogin|
roadrunneremaillogin|
aol email login|
paypallogin||aol email login||
yahoo maillogin||yahoo maillogin|
quickbooks online login||
intuit quickbooks login||
amazoncompromocode"

ATT Login|amazon.com/code|
PayPal Login|Cash App Login|
Cash App Login|QuickBooks Online|
Linksys Router Login | aol.com login |
www.amazon.com/mytv | |Brother printer offline |
www.aol.com mail login | |Yahoo.com Mail Sign In|

Jordan Leonard said...

Thanks for your great post! I like to read, you could be a great writer.
I will always bookmark your blog and come back later. I want to encourage you to keep writing good articles.
nero burning rom crack
dll files fixer crack
bandicut crack
mailbird license key

Junaid Khan said...

This really makes your presentation that simple, but I find it
this problem must be something I will never understand.
It seems very complex and very broad to me.
I look forward to your next post I try
agree!
snagit crack serial key
adobe acrobat pro dc crack

sophiyadaniel said...

Amazon MyTV can be downloaded for free and installed. This will allow you access Amazon Prime Videos directly on your TV screen. Amazon is well-known in the E-Commerce sector. Now it has entered the entertainment market. Amazon Prime Video offers many popular shows and movies. Amazon is accessible on almost all devices, including mobile, PC and tablet. Visit www.amazon.com/mytv to start watching Prime Show on your TV.
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv enter code
amazon.ca/redeem

sophiyadaniel said...

www.amazon.com/mytv You have just received another Amazon device. What do you do? You will need to figure out how to connect your devices with Prime so that you can watch and tune into select Prime video content from anywhere. Simply create an amazon account and activate it using the amazon my TV activation code.
primevideo/mytv
www.primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv

sophiyadaniel said...

We already stated that you don’t need any additional contraptions to be successful.Watch Amazon Prime VideoIf you have a streaming device. You can watch Amazon Prime Video on the Streaming device by following these simple and quick steps:
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv
primevideo/mytv

alexmalcova said...

Amazon is one the largest multinational companies worldwide that contributes to technological advancements and makes people's lives easier. Amazon is not only the largest online retailer, but it has also been recognized as a leader in multinational technology around the world. Amazon offers a wide range of technological devices including the Echo Dot and Fire TV, as well as Cloud Cam, Kindle, Fire TV, Fire TV, and Fire TV. It also offers entertainment services such as Prime Video, Music Unlimited and Amazon Digital Game Store.
espn.com/activate
netflix.com/activate
netflix.com/activate
Xfinity.com/authorize
Xfinity.com/authorize

alexmalcova said...

Amazon Prime Video allows you to access media and entertainment faster and more efficiently. Amazon launched Prime Video to meet its users' expectations of unlimited movie and video selections, which can be accessed anywhere, anytime. Prime Video is available on many devices. To activate Prime Video on a specific device, however, you must register it.www.amazon.com/mytv. We have provided the steps to generate the activation Code and register your device on Amazon.com/mytv for Prime Video.
amazon.com/redeem
amazon.com/redeem
pbs.org/activate
www.Hulu.com/activate
www.Hulu.com/activate

alexmalcova said...

Amazon Prime Video is the best platform to view the latest web series, movies and TV shows.Amazon.com/mytv. Amazon.com/mytv supports almost all devices. This includes Android and iOS devices. Amazon.com/mytv requires a high-speed internet connection and an amazon subscription. To resolve any issues during activation, users should contact customer service experts. To activate the service, users will need an amazon.com/mytv unique verification code. This article contains instructions on how to login to Amazon via.www.amazon.com/mytvThese guidelines will help you watch Amazon Prime Video free of charge.
Primevideo/mytv
amazon.co.uk/mytv
amazon.co.uk/mytv
amazon.co.uk/mytv
amazon.co.uk/mytv

Shoaib King said...

Fantastic blog! What advice do you have for aspiring writers?
I hope to start my page soon, but I am a bit
lost in total. Would you suggest starting with
a free platform like WordPress, or do you opt for the paid option? There are so many options that I am completely overwhelmed.
Some suggestions? Thank you!
nero platinum crack
xilisoft video crack
avast passwords license key
substance designer crack

Ubaid Bhai said...

Let me know if you are looking for a writer for your blog.
You have some very good messages and I think this will be a great benefit.
If you ever want to take some of the burdens off you, I'd love to
write content for your blog in exchange for a backlink to mine.
Send me an email if you are interested. Thank you!
360 total security crack
ashampoo antivirus crack
game hacker crack
microsoft office professional 2010 crack

Goodtime said...

Thank you for putting up this good post. I was very interested in the article, it’s quite inspiring I should admit, I like visiting your site since I always come across interesting articles like this one. Great job, I greatly appreciate this, do keep sharing. Regards. auk post utme past questions and answers pdf download

Shira said...

We global Assignment Expert have highly-qualified academicians who are always ready to help students write their perdisco accounting assignments. There are highly- experienced academic writing help providers who have a desire to help students in their academics.

muzammil said...

I guess I am the only one who came here to share my very own experience. Guess what!? I am using my laptop for almost the past 2 years, but I had no idea of solving some basic issues. I do not know how to Crack Softwares Free Download But thankfully, I recently visited a website named ProCrackHere
Window 12 Pro Crack
Window 12 Activator Crack

clipping path service said...

Very informative blog! Thanks for sharing.

Vape Teach said...

I really enjoyed reading it. Thanks for Sharing. I appreciated your post! This subject offered by you is very helpful

Post a Comment