Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, AVP; antidiuretichormone, ADH) is a peptide hormone formed in the hypothalamus, then transported via axons to, and released from, the posterior pituitary.
Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, AVP; antidiuretichormone, ADH)
AVP infusion is being used in treating septic shock, a condition that can be caused by a bacterial infection in the blood and the release of bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide. Infusion of AVP increases systemic vascular resistance and thereby elevates arterial pressure. Some studies have shown that low-dose infusions AVP (which are used in septic shock) also cause cerebral, pulmonary and renal dilation (mediated by endothelial release of nitric oxide) while constricting other vascular beds.
Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, AVP; antidiuretichormone, ADH)
- The primary function of AVP in the body is to regulate extracellular fluid volume by affecting renal handling of water, although it is also a vasoconstrictor and pressor agent (hence, the name "vasopressin"). AVP acts on renal collecting ducts via V2 receptors to increase water permeability (cAMP-dependent mechanism), which leads to decreased urine formation (hence, the antidiuretic action of "antidiuretic hormone"). This increases blood volume, cardiac output and arterial pressure.
- A secondary function of AVP is vasoconstriction. AVP binds to V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction via the IP3 signal transduction pathway, which increases arterial pressure; however, the normal physiological concentrations of AVP are below its vasoactive range. Studies have shown, nevertheless, that in severe hypovolemic shock, when AVP release is very high, AVP does contribute to the compensatory increase in systemic vascular resistance.
- Hypovolemia, as occurs during hemorrhage and dehydration, results in a decrease in atrial pressure. Specialized stretch receptors within the atrial walls and large veins (cardiopulmonary baroreceptors) entering the atria decrease their firing rate when there is a fall in atrial pressure. Afferent nerve fibers from these receptors synapse within the nucleus tractus solitarius of the medulla, which sends fibers to the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls AVP release by the pituitary. Atrial receptor firing normally inhibits the release of AVP by the posterior pituitary. With hypovolemia or decreased central venous pressure, the decreased firing of atrial stretch receptors leads to an increase in AVP release.
- Hypotension, which decreases arterial baroreceptor firing and leads to enhanced sympathetic activity, increases AVP release.
- Hypothalamic osmoreceptors sense extracellular osmolarity and stimulate AVP release when osmolarity rises, as occurs with dehydration.
- Angiotensin II receptors located in a region of the hypothalamus regulate AVP release – an increase in angiotensin II simulates AVP release.
- Increased sympathetic activation stimulates AVP release.
AVP infusion is being used in treating septic shock, a condition that can be caused by a bacterial infection in the blood and the release of bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide. Infusion of AVP increases systemic vascular resistance and thereby elevates arterial pressure. Some studies have shown that low-dose infusions AVP (which are used in septic shock) also cause cerebral, pulmonary and renal dilation (mediated by endothelial release of nitric oxide) while constricting other vascular beds.
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